TB-500 Telehealth

RESEARCH DIGEST · BIBLIOGRAPHY

TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4: Published Research References

Every study cited on this site, with PubMed identifiers, DOIs, and journal details. The TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 research record spans 1999–2025.

Citation Index

The following citations underpin every quantitative claim and mechanistic assertion in this digest. Numbers in brackets throughout the site link to entries here. Where PMIDs are available, links resolve to PubMed or PubMed Central. Where a study is accessible via an institutional DOI only, the DOI is provided. All citations were verified against their respective databases at the time of compilation.

Note on the research record: the majority of studies reviewed here use the full-length 44-amino-acid thymosin beta-4 protein, not the synthetic TB-500 heptapeptide fragment specifically. Mechanistic findings from the parent protein are extrapolated to TB-500 where the fragment shares the relevant domain (amino acids 17–23); limitations of this extrapolation are noted in the research section.

  1. Ho EN, Kwok WH, Lau MY, Wong AS, Wan TS, Lam KK, Schiff PJ, Stewart BD. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1265:56-65. ↗
  2. Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, Banaudha K, Maheshwari RK, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  3. Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(2):113-115. ↗
  4. Ehrlich HP, Hazard SW 3rd. Thymosin beta4 enhances repair by organizing connective tissue and preventing the appearance of myofibroblasts. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:118-124. ↗
  5. Shrivastava S, Srivastava D, Olson EN, DiMaio JM, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 and cardiac repair. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:87-96. ↗
  6. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  7. Smart N, Rossdeutsch A, Riley PR. Thymosin beta4 and angiogenesis: modes of action and therapeutic potential. Angiogenesis. 2007;10(4):229-241. ↗
  8. Philp D, St-Surin S, Cha HJ, Moon HS, Kleinman HK, Elkin M. Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:95-103. ↗
  9. Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, Nara N, Yamamoto H, Matsuda R, Hara T. Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. J Biochem. 2011;149(1):43-48. ↗
  10. Thymosin β4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat. Regul Pept. 2013;184:1-5. ↗
  11. Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  12. Wang X, Liu L, Qi L, et al. A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(17):8441-8449. ↗
  13. Sosne G, Qiu P, Christopherson PL, Kurpakus Wheater M. Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFkappaB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway. Exp Eye Res. 2007;84(4):663-669. ↗
  14. Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, Zhang ZG, Morris DC, Chopp M. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin β4 treatment initiated 6 hours after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(5):1081-1092. ↗
  15. Yuan J, Shen Y, Yang X, Xie Y, Lin X, Zeng W, Zhao Y, Tian M, Zha Y. Thymosin β4 alleviates renal fibrosis and tubular cell apoptosis through TGF-β pathway inhibition in UUO rat models. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):310. ↗
  16. Tan SH, Loo SJ, Gao Y, Tao ZH, Su LP, Wang CX, Zhang SL, et al. Thymosin β4 increases cardiac cell proliferation, cell engraftment, and the reparative potency of human induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction. Theranostics. 2021;11(14):6949-6964. ↗
  17. Tang S, Fan C, Iroegbu CD, et al. TMSB4 Overexpression Enhances the Potency of Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Myocardial Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:670913. ↗
  18. Su L, Kong X, Loo S, Gao Y, Liu B, Su X, Dalan R, Ma J, Ye L. Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1):12. ↗
  19. Kim S, Choi J, Kwon J. Thymosin Beta 4 Protects Hippocampal Neuronal Cells against PrP (106–126) via Neurotrophic Factor Signaling. Molecules. 2023;28(9):3920. ↗
  20. Tao X, Pan X, Xue M, Zhao G, Rui Y. Thymosin β4 improves the survival of cutaneous flaps of rat and activates Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Arch Med Sci. 2024. ↗
  21. Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025;66(14):31. ↗